A Gentle Introduction to a Rare, but Often Benign Disease: Sarcoidosis

A few weeks ago, a Steemit friend wrote that her daughter had recently been diagnosed with sarcoidosis. My vague understanding of this disease was that it somehow involved the lungs. After reading a bit, I learned that besides the lungs, other organs may be affected. Also, though sarcoidosis was first described more than a hundred years ago, many questions remain: What is the cause? Who is affected? How best to treat it? Even, what are the symptoms? There are partial answers to each of these questions, but satisfactory, complete explanations are lacking.

In the midst of all the unanswered questions, one piece of reassuring information stands out: 75% of people who are diagnosed with sarcoidosis never seek follow-up treatment. This statistic is offered by the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.

Jonathan Hutchinson (1828-1913)

Image Credit: Sir Leslie Ward ("Spy") in Vanity Fair, 1890. Public domain.

Jonathan Hutchinson is credited with being the first physician to describe sarcoidosis. At the time--1869--sarcoidosis was considered a dermatological disease. Hutchinson noted "the formation of multiple, raised, dusky-red patches" on his patient's skin. The patches, he observed, did not tend to become inflamed, nor did they tend to ulcerate. Also, these patches occurred in groups, and extended "slowly". Hutchinson named the disease after one of his patient's, Mrs. Mortimer.

Not until 1900 was sarcoidosis recognized as a systemic disorder. It was then that the term 'sarkoid' was first used to describe the disease. The doctor credited with this insight was Caesar Boeck, of Norway.

It's interesting that Dr. Boeck was Norwegian, because today we understand that people of Scandinavian descent seem to have an elevated risk of developing sarcoidosis.

Although It's Rare, Beagles Can Get Sarcoidosis, Also

Image Credit: User Groppe, used under CC 3.0 license

While these two beagles, Nini and Jule, appear to be well, I found one case where an 11-year old beagle was successfully treated for cutaneous sarcoidosis. Apparently, sarcoidosis, while rare, does occur in dogs.

What is Sarcoidosis? What Do We Understand Today?

There are some things we know about sarcoidosis for certain. It is a disease of inflammation. The "dusky-red patches" referred to by Hutchinson have a name now: granulomas. Granulomas are described by the Mayo Clinic as "small areas of inflammation". The Clinic explains that these patches, or small lumps, may be formed by the body as a defense against infection or injury. Tissue surrounds a foreign body. This process is called 'foreign body encapsulation', and it is the mechanism at work in granuloma formation.

Ultrasound Image Showing Silicone Granuloma in a Breast

Image credit: Nevit Dilman (talk). Used under a CC 3.0 license.

The caption under this image reads: "Ultrasound images of breast with silicone granuloma. Snow like echogenicity with posterior shadowing"

Granulomas are not unique to sarcoidosis and may be found in other diseases. The problem with granulomas is that their presence in tissue, over time, may cause damage. However, they may also be of no consequence. People often discover granulomas incidentally, during a scan for an unrelated complaint.

In sarcoidosis, as Caesar Boeck explained, granulomas may appear anywhere in the body. The most common sites are the lungs, the skin, the eyes, and lymph nodes in the thoracic cavity.

Thoracic Cavity

Image credit: Adapted from Open Stax, used under a CC 3.0 license. Eyeball courtesy of Mentor Eye.png: White Cat, public domain

I adapted the diagram to make it look less clinical. That model may even be winking at us :)

Who is Likely to be Diagnosed with Sarcoidosis?

This is a question with an evolving answer. One of the most recent articles I read, in the Journal of Biomedical Science (June, 2019 ) explains that the demographics of the disease suggest both environment and genetics play a role.

According to the Journal article, women, overall, have a higher incidence of sarcoidosis. Also, Northern Europeans and African Americans have a relatively high incidence of disease (it's still rare). However, people of African descent who live in the Caribbean do not show an elevated incidence. Asians--specifically, people who live in Taiwan and Japan--have a relatively low incidence.

If this sounds puzzling, yes it is. And it's complicated by the fact that different areas of the world may have different diagnostic criteria.

Diagnosing Sarcoidosis

PET/CT Scan

Image credit: Hg699, public domain.

The machine shown in the picture combines the ability of a PET scan and a CT scan. According to an article in the Journal of Clinical Imaging Science, this machine can be useful (for people who have serious lung involvement) not only for diagnosing sarcoidosis, but also for monitoring its progress.

Diagnosing sarcoidosis is a challenge, because symptoms may resemble those of other diseases. Two blood tests that can offer some guidance are: ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) and sIL-2R (soluble interleukin 2 receptor.) Elevated levels on either test suggest the possibility of sarcoidosis, but the results are not conclusive. Other clinic evidence (symptoms) must be present, and more tests must be conducted.

A 2019 article, published in PLOS/ONE, reports that if a patient is suspected of having sarcoidosis, and that patient does not have elevated levels of sIL-2R, then the diagnosis of sarcoidosis can be ruled out. The study on which this article is based indicates that the sIL-2R test is more sensitive than the ACE in diagnosing the disease. So, if there's a strong suspicion of sarcoidosis, and symptoms are troubling, testing for sIL-2R might be something a patient could ask for. I think I would.

Other tests used to diagnose sarcoidosis--in cases where treatment may be necessary--include performing biopsies of suspected tissue. One of the most recent developments in this area is a procedure called Transbronchial Lung Cryobiopsy. This is for people who have suspected lung disease. According to a November 2019 article in Sarcoidosis News, the new procedure "safely and successfully helps to provide a definitive sarcoidosis diagnosis when the usual and less-invasive diagnostic tools are insufficient."

What Causes It?

The most recent research points to a combination of factors--pathogens, environmental exposure, and genetics.

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Pathogens

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Cutibacterium Acne

Image Credit: Bobby Strong, of the CDC. Public domain

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Pathogens associated with development of sarcoidosis include Candida, Cutibacterium acne and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Candida causes candidiasis, Cutibacterium acne is implicated in common acne, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis.

It is also suggested that exposure to mycobacterial antigens, may lead to development of disease. The exposure may be through natural infection, or through tuberculosis (BCG) vaccine.

Apparatus Used for Giving BCG Vaccine

Image credit: Y tambe GFDL and CC-by-SA 2.5, 2.0, 1.0

Environmental Exposure

Image: Staffsfire, CC 4.0 license

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There seems to be general agreement that environmental exposures may trigger sarcoidosis in genetically susceptible individuals. Not all the studies agree on the extent of this influence. However, it has been shown that people who work in certain industries have a higher incidence of disease. And, in one specific case, people who worked at the World Trade Center after the 9/11 attack, have an elevated incidence of sarcoidosis.

As for tying sarcoidosis to specific substances: a number of studies have shown a correlation between occupational exposure to the following materials and development of the disease:

Silica

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Women at Work in a War Production Plant, WW I (1914-1918)

Image and citation credit: First World War Womens War Work Collection Public domain

The picture shows a worker cutting fused silica basins for use in lavatories in a factory of Thermal Syndicate Limited at Wallsend-on-Tyne, July 1918.

The association between silica exposure and sarcoidosis has been the subject of much research over the years. Silica is not only implicated in the development of sarcoidosis, but has also been linked to other inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and silicosis, a debilitating lung disease.

Pallets of Silica in a Warehouse

Image credit: Cjp24, CC 1.0,2.0,2.5,3.0 license

Silica is ubiquitous in the environment. It is used in an amazingly wide variety of products. Industrial exposure may occur in many different industries. Some of the products in which it may be found: paint, pharmaceuticals, plastic, food, cement, potting soil, plastic board, various construction material, and cat litter (if it contains silica.) This list of substances was derived from the Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology

Ciprofloxocin (Cipro Antibiotic)

A 2019 article published in the journal of the WSOG, World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders, shows a correspondence between patients who took the antibiotic Ciprofloxocin, Cipro. and the later development of sarcoidosis. The article reports that, the more severe the disease, the more likely it is that there exists a history of exposure to Cipro.

Copper, and Iron
The WSOG article also reports that a "statistically significant" correspondence exists between sarcoidosis and occupational exposure to iron and copper. The association seems to be greatest in patients who experience CNS sarcoidosis.

If anyone reading this blog has a strong interest in understanding environmental/lifestyle associations with sarcoidosis, I recommend reading the WSOG article. There's a great graphic in the article, Seven Statistically Significant Sarcoidosis Linked Dichotomies, which shows specific environmental factors and their relative association with sarcoidosis.

Genetics

Drawing Showing Rh Positive and Rh Negative Blood Cells

Image credit: Sophiedionne14, CC 4.0 license

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One fact that suggests a strong role for genetics in sarcoidosis is its occurrence in family clusters. According to the previously-referenced WSOG article, studies of cluster families show a correlation between blood type and the development of sarcoidosis. The authors suggest a need "to investigate the Rh blood group genotypes as the triggering stimuli for sarcoidosis".

Another study, published July 2019 in the journal Clinical Laboratories, identifies a genetic mutation that is found infamily clusters. Researchers note that this mutation is passed on only to affected family members and not to those free of the disease. The mutation occurred in genes responsible for activating "metabolic sensor mTOR."

Treatments

The good news is, most people don't require treatment. If treatment is necessary, however, many of the medicines used to treat sarcoidosis are the same ones used to treat autoimmune diseases. This is true, despite the fact that the Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research states: "based on today’s science we do not advocate using the label “autoimmune” to describe sarcoidosis". If the disease does progress, often several doctors from different specialties will collaborate on a plan, because a number of organs may be affected.

Treatment options listed here are derived from information provided by the Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research. This list does not include all possible therapies.

Bark of the Cinchona Tree

Image credit: David J. Stang CC 4.0 license

Cinchona bark is a source of natural quinine, which has been used since the seventeenth century to treat malaria. During WWII, it was discovered that synthetic forms of anti-malarials, were effective at treating some inflammatory diseases. One of those, Plaquenil, is mentioned below.

Corticosteroids: The first line of defense. Prednisone and Prednisolone are the most common forms administered.

Immune Suppressant Drugs: These include Azathioprine, Methotrexate and Mycophenalate.

Anti-Malarial Drugs: These include Plaquenil and Aralen.

International Resources for Patients and Families

The World Association for Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Diseases offers a list of twenty treatment centers in the U. S. here.

The Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research has endorsed treatment centers in different areas of the world. A few of these centers are listed below. Please check the organization's website for a more extensive list, if your country is not included here.

Canada
Mount Sinai Hospital – Toronto, Canada

Germany
Hannover Medical School – Hannover, Germany
Ruhrlandklinik University Hospital – Essen, Germany
Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital – Heidelberg, Germany
University Medical Center Goettingen – Göttingen, Germany

Greece
Corfu General Hospital – Corfu, Greece
Hospital for the Diseases of the Chest – Athens, Greece

Netherlands
Catharina Hospital – Noord Brabant, Netherlands
Erasmus University Medical Center – Rotterdam, Netherlands
ETZ Tilburg – Tilburg, Netherlands

Final Word About Vitamin D

Proceed with caution. While people with sarcoidosis may be deficient in Vitamin D, there is a risk of developing hypercalcemia. A couple of articles that address this: Goldilocks, vitamin D and sarcoidosis and Vitamin D Supplementation: Not So Simple in Sarcoidosis.

Conclusion

I know this blog was rather dense, but I wanted to cover the topic responsibly. As I said in a previous blog, information is power. I tried to wade my way through research papers and spread a little power around :))

Thank you for spending your time with me and reading my long blog

Steem on!

Selected Sources

1. A historical sketch; life and time of Jonathan Hutchinson(1828-1913), the first sarcoidologist

2. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Volume74February1981147 The eponymy of sarcoidosis

3. Yorkshire Philosophical Society, Jonathan Hutchinson

4. Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research, Causes and Risk Factors

5. Boston Medical Journal, A clinicopathological classification of granulomatous disorders

6. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Breast implant-related silicone granulomas: the literature and the litigation

7. Boston Medical Journal, Host-microbe interactions in the pathogenesis and clinical course of sarcoidosis

8. Veterinary Dermatology, Clinical and histopathological presentation and successful treatment with ciclosporin for canine sarcoidosis: a case report

9. Boston Medical Journal Risk of sarcoidosis and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis from occupational silica exposure in Swedish iron foundries: a retrospective cohort study

10. Burning Issues, A Current Assessment of Rurally Linked Exposures as Potential Risk Factors for Sarcoidosis

11. Boston Medical Journal, Molecular analysis of sarcoidosis lymph nodes for microorganisms: a case–control study with clinical correlates

12. Environmental Science: Nano, Nano to micron-sized particle detection in patients' lungs and its pathological significance

13. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Occupational Causes of Sarcoidosis

14. Madison College.edu, Life's Blood

15. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Sarcoidosis in America Analysis Based on Health Care Use

16. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, The eponymy of sarcoidosis

17. Sarcoidosis, A Clinician's Guide pp 127

18. Stop Sarcoidosis.org, What Is Sarcoidosis

19. Mayo Clinic, Granulomas

20. Veterinary Dermatology, Clinical and histopathological presentation and successful treatment with ciclosporin for canine sarcoidosis: a case report

21. Science Direst, Foreign Body Reaction

22. Boston Medical Journal, A clinicopathological classification of granulomatous

23. Family Doctor, Sarcoidosis

24. My Cleveland Clinic, Respiratory Sarcoidosis

25. Worldwide Science, Sarcoidosis

26. Journal of Biomedical Science Host-microbe interactions in the pathogenesis and clinical course of sarcoidosis

27. Journal of Clinical Imaging Science, Accuracy of Serial PET-CT Imaging in Systemic Sarcoidosis

28. University of Rochester Medical Center Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (Blood)

29. PLOS/ONE,Sensitivity and specificity of serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor for diagnosing sarcoidosis in a population of patients suspected of sarcoidosis

30. Sarcoidosis News, Transbronchial Lung Cryobiopsy

31. Journal of Biomedical Science, Host-microbe interactions in the pathogenesis and clinical course of sarcoidosis

32. NHS. UK, Tuberculosis Causes

33. Respiratory Medicine,Post-9/11 sarcoidosis in WTC-exposedfirefighters and emergencymedical service workers

34. Frontiers in Immunology, Silica, Silicosis, and Autoimmunity

35. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology,The regulation of crystalline silica: an industry perspective

36. Researchgate,Cat Litter a Possible Trigger for Sarcoidosis

37. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental The regulation of crystalline silica: an industry perspective Epidemiology

38. World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders,

39. Mattioli Journals, Cipro.

40. Mattioli Journals, Seven Statistically Significant Sarcoidosis Linked Dichotomies

41. Sarcoidosis News, Sarcoidosis Risk Higher in Families with Disease History

42. Clinical Laboratories,Researchers Discover Causative Genetic Mutations in Patients with Familial Sarcoidosis

43. Stop Sarcoidosis.org, What is Sarcoidosis Causes/Risk Factors

44. Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research, What is Sarcoidosis Treatment Options

45. Malaria Journal, Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria

46. Rheumatologia,Antimalarials – are they effective and safe in rheumatic diseases?

47. WASOG, Recognized Sarcoidosis Clinics

48. Stop Sarcoidosis.org, Sarcoidosis Clinics

49. Arthritis Research Therapy,Goldilocks, vitamin D and sarcoidosis

50. American Journal of Medical Science, Vitamin D Supplementation: Not So Simple in Sarcoidosis